ARS - Associazione Ricerche sulla Schizofrenia
PROFESSIONAL CURRICULUM:
Carlo Lorenzo Cazzullo
Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Italy
A. ACADEMIC TITLES AND POSITIONS
1940 Graduated in Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, summa cum laude
1943 Board of Speciality in Nervous and Mental Diseases, idem
1946 Winner grant of the Institute International Education, New York: one of the first Italian people went to the USA as a research fellow
1947 Visiting Investigator Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York City (Dr. Herbert Gasser and Dr. Lorente de No)
1948 Research Assistent at the N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute Columbia University (Dr. A. Ferraro and Dr. D.C. Nolan Lewis)
1949 Visiting Investigator Montreal Neurological Institute (Dr. W. Penfield and Dr. H. Jasper)
1951 Dozentship Nervous and Mental Diseases
1958 Full Professor Nervous and Mental Diseases, University of Milan
1959 Full Professor of Psychiatry, University of Milan
1959-90 Director of the Psychiatric Institute and of Postgraduate School of Psychiatry, University of Milan
1980 Director of the Course for Doctors as Sciences in Psychosocial Psychiatry
1982 President A.R.S. (Association for Research on Schizophrenia) affiliated to the WPA
1984 President Legrenzi Foundation for Family's Help
1991 Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry
1995 High Consultant for M.S., IRCCS S. Maria Nascente, Milan
1998 Expert for a Commission of AIDS for Ministry of Health.
B. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATE, ORGANIZING ACTIVITIES AND MEMBERSHIPS
b.1 National
1963 Founder and President Italian Society of Psychoneuropharmacology
1963 Founder and Director of Multiple Sclerosis Center in Gallarate
1964 Promoter of the separation of the Board of Speciality of Psychiatry from the Board of Neurology
1968 President, Italian Psychiatric Association (SIP) for 20 years
1971 Member of the Board of Directors of the World Health Organization (Italian Center for the Study of Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry)
1976 Promoter as President of the Italian Psychiatric Association of one of the most important university achievements, the realisation of the Law No. 238 (April 28, 1976) which has defined the autonomy of Psychiatry from Neurology and its formal status of fundamental discipline for medical studies
1976-8 Expert for the Ministry of Health for Psychiatry. President of Health's Commission for the Implementation of Psyhchiatric Law (Psychiatric Health Services).
1977 Active Member: Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere
1978 Honorary Member, Italian Society of Psychosomatic Medicine
1981-88 Member of the Committee on Biomedicine of the National Research Council (C.N.R.)
1987 Founder and Director of the University Multiple Sclerosis Center Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan
1989 Honorary President Italian Society of Psychoneurophysiology
1991 Honorary President, Italian Psychiatric Association
Member of the AIDS National Commission
Honorary President, Italian Society of Psychooncology
1992 Honorary President, Italian Society of Social Psychiatry
b.2 International
1955 Founding Member Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris, then CIANS's Honorary President in 1990
1984-89 Chairman Liaison Task Force and Psychoneurobiology Section World Psychiatric Association (WPA)
1988 Cochairman WPA Section on Psychooncology.
1966-90 WPA Council's Member
1990-93 WPA Executive Committee's Member
1990 Representative for WPA of N.G.O. of United Nations (Vienna)
1991 Chairman WPA Section on Family Research and Assistance
Chairman WPA Section on Psychoneurobiology
1994 World Health Organization's (WHO) Member Task Force for Neurosciences.
1999 Chairman of WPA Section on Immunology and Psychiatry (Psychoimmunology).
C. HONORARY MEMBER OF:
1964 Royal Psychiatric Society of Belgium
1965 Latin American Psychiatric Society
1968 Corresponding Fellow, Royal College of Psychiatrists, U.K.
1975 Turkish College of Neuropsychopharmacology
1978 Fulton Society
1980 Swiss Psychiatric Association
1984 Corresponding Fellow, American Psychiatric Association (APA)
1985 Honour Member of Argentine Society of Biological Psychiatry
1988 World Biological Psychiatric Association
1989 Oesterreichische Gesellschaft fuer Psychiatrie
1990 Aegyptian Psychiatric Society
Corresponding Member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Psychiatrie und Neurologie
1993 Charter Member of the Academia Medicinae and Psychiatriae Foundation Inc., New York
1994 Charter Member Polish Academy of Medicine and Human Sciences
D. HONOURS AND AWARDS
1959 E. Lugaro, National Neurology Award (Italy)
1962 Academic Award, Sakel Foundation, New York (Biological Psychiatry Lecture on Schizophrenia)
1968 Gold Medal from the "Provincia of Milan"
1970 Gold Medal from the Italian Ministry of Health: for outstanding services
1976 Gold Medal from the Italian Ministry of Public Education: for oustanding academic contributions
1987 Gold Medal from the General Hospital of Milan (Ospedale Maggiore)
1988 Gold badge of the Italian Association for Multiple Sclerosis (AISM)
1990 Gold Medal from the University of Milan, for honour and gratitude
1991 Gold Medal from the Italian Society of Psychiatry
1995 Gold Medal from the Hospital of Gallarate (Multiple Sclerosis Center)
1996 Gold Medal "Albert Schweitzer" for humanisation of Medicine from the Polish Academy of Medicine
1999 Certificate of Merit and Gold Medal from the Commune of Milan in the field of Health
- - Awards from the Government of the Italian Republic:
3 Military Crosses and 3 Merit Medals for distinguished wartime service 1940-1945.
- Award "Certificato al Patriota" for Marshal H. Alexander, Supreme Commander of the Allied Military Forces.
- Award from Gen. E. Mattei, Commander of the Italian Forces, for his leader activity in Partisan's war.
E.PUBLICATIONS
- Member of the Editorial Board of several Italian and foreign journals.
- Editor in chief of the Italian J. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Author and co-author of more than 630 scientific papers published in Italian and International Journals.
- Author of 20 books on Psychiatry and related disciplines, among them:
1977 on Sulfonamides
1984 on Family's study on Phenomenology and Psychiatry
1984-86-87-94 on Schizophrenia
1986 on Depression
1989 on Suicide
1991 on AIDS
1993 on Multiple Sclerosis (2nd edition) a Textbook on Psychiatry (in 3 volumes)
1995 Family Therapy and Psychoeducation
1998 Schizophrenia and psychosocial rehabilitation
2000 Integrated treatment of eating disorders
2000 Brief history of Italian Psychiatry
- Author of lectures in various meetings (Psychiatry, Neurophysiology, Education, Epidemiology, Psychoneuropharmacology, NeuropsychoImmunopathology, Social Sciences)
- Chairman a/o Main Lecturer and speaker at the most important Congresses of Psychiatry, Psychoneuropharmacology and allied disciplines.
F. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES
Psychoneuropharmacology
a) In the 60's he performed research on the effect of psychotropic drugs on C.N.S. through histological and histochemical methods. These results became very useful for the monitoring of the drugs to avoid toxic side effects as well as dangerous associations.
b) Special attention was given to the analysis of the pharmacodynamic profiles of lithium salts and antidepressant drugs in resistant patients.
Immunogenetics
In 1974 the first international report on the association between HLA and Schizophrenia was published on the British Journal of Psychiatry. Several studies followed on the association between HLA, antigens and sex, age at onset, symptomatological profile and drug response of schizophrenic patients as well as patients suffering from Affective Disorders, Epilepsy and Multiple Sclerosis.
Neurochemistry
a) Research on ascorbic and nicotinic acid describing two original methods of monitoring (1939-1942)
b) original studies on N1MN (N1 MethylNicotinamide) as a biological marker of Primary Affective Disorder were performed from 1968 to 1985
c) Assessment of urinary MHPG excretion in patients with Affective Disorders as a tool for predicting clinical response to lithium and various antidepressant drugs
d) Research on cerebrospinal fluid fraction and Lymphocyte subsets in Multiple Sclerosis.
Psychoneurophysiology and Higher Nervous Activity
a) In 1947 studies on Action Potential with Lorente de No at the Rockefeller Institute
b) Research on experimental epilepsy (1961-1970)
c) Studies on hemispherics laterality in normal subjects and psychiatric patients (obsessive, schizophrenics, affectives)
d) Elaboration of the Tactile Extinction Test and its application in psychiatric patients
e) Research on Evokes Potentials and Brain macropotentials in Down patients and schizophrenics
f) Reflex Conditioning: outstanding research in animals treated by neurotropic drugs. Pioneering research in Obsessive Neurosis and Schizophrenia (1968-1970)
Multiple Sclerosis
a) An intensive research of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis was performed in U.S.A. with A. Ferraro and L. Roizin (1948-49) and was continued in Italy
b) Immunogenetics of HLA antigens in a group of multiple sclerosis patients (1972) and also Immunopathology in various phases of the disease (research on T helper - T suppressor subsets of lymphocytes) were studied
c) Trials for treatment with cortisone, immunosuppressor and lymphocitoplasmapheresis
d) Research on endorphins and cytokines.
e) Research on cognitive processes in MS and on psychic symptoms in MS patients. Psychic symptoms (depression, cognitive impairment) in MS patients are widely exposed.
Studies on AIDS
Description of psychopathological features in HIV positive subjects in the very first phase. Modalities (Counseling) of assistance in depression in AIDS and its treatment with antidepressant drugs.
Schizophrenia
Pioneer studies in brain imaging (1962-63) in schizophrenic patients through pneumoencephalography, discovering ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy in 30% of subjects non-responders to drug treatment (Academic Lecture Society for Biological Psychiatry - Toronto, 1962).
It has been the main interest from 1978 up to the present and also from 1983 through the activity of the Association for Research on Schizophrenia (A.R.S.) and the Schizophrenia Center of the University of Milan
Founder of WPA Section of Psychoimmunology in collaboration with Professor Ackenheil (Munchen) in 1997. The new route of Research starting ten years ago in Immunology in Schizophrenia has been devoted to Immunology and Virology of Schizophrenia: study on patients, but also on their family's members. Changes in lymphocyte subset was described as well as changes of the complements functions C3-C4. Research on cytokines has been developed in naive and treated patients.
An integrated approach is more and more applied using epidemiological (research on seasonality), ethiological (viral and immunological studies), biochemical (adrenoreceptors, etc.), endocrinological and brain imaging (CAT, NMR) perspectives.
New treatment modalities (neuroleptics, dopaminergic drugs, cortisone, immunomodulations) have been proposed.
Family Therapy
a) Assessment of family education and treatment
b) Research focalized on the psychodynamic effects of Expressed Emotion on relapses in schizophrenic patients.
Psychiatric Epidemiology
a) Research on Attempted Suicides as an W.H.O. adviser
b) Survey on psychiatric services after the Law No.180.
Cognitive Processes - Virtual Reality
Through an integrative approach including patients and their families. Studies on Cognitive Processes in neurological and psychiatric disorders and exploration of Virtual Reality.
Studies on co-morbidity between neurological (MS, Alzheimer, etc.) and psychiatric (depression, schizophrenia) diseases. A new modality for retraining in memory defects has been proposed.
Immunology in Psychiatry
Immunology in Psychiatry has been nowadays extended to research on cytokines in collaboration with the Institute of Immunology of the University of Milan (Professor Mario Clerici). Experimental studies on cytokines in several diseases of central nervous system. Especially in schizophrenic patient it was observed an increase of TH1: IL-2 and TFNg, and TH2: IL-6, and both has been modified by treatment with a new neuroleptic. Research has been conducted also in obsessive patient and Alzheimer Disease patient. The trend of the research is actually the most important in 1998-2000.
Studies on Communication
Doctor-Patient relationship in its various element was explored and illustrated in different conditions: in healthy subjects as well as in psychiatric conditions. The Balint method was applied also in heterogeneous groups.
G. TEACHING AND DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES
1. The Institute of Clinical Psychiatry of the University of Milan, during his direction, was the first teaching and research facility in Italy. It is based on seven teaching chairs for medical students and six complementary courses in related disciplines.
The Postgraduate School in Psychiatry and a Course for Doctor as sciences are also located in the Institute.
2. The diffusion through Italy of the methodology of research and applied treatment has been promoted for a long time by means of National and International meetings, workshops and seminars.
Annual Meetings on Schizophrenia are taking place in Milan like as some of the most important Psychiatry's congresses.
Collaboration in continuity with W.H.O. Division of Mental Health and with some foreign Departments of Psychiatry and allied disciplines.
Psychological and Psychosocial activity since the foundation of the Association of Research in Schizophrenia and respectively of the Foundation Tito e Fanny Legrenzi for the Help of Family in the field of psychosocial assistance and education has been developed.
A diffusion of concept and practice of humanisation in medicine has been expanded, focused on Doctor-Patient Relationship and Doctor-Patient and Family Relationship.
Also the concept of Psychosomatic Medicine in 1949 with Professor Balint as well as Lyasion Psychiatry in 1974 has been diffused starting from the General Hospital of Milan and also in the psychiatric services.
Our Association in connection with the London School become a continuous site of experience in Expressed Emotion in Family and in the psychoeducational treatment.
The basic concept of the integrative medicine from the biological aspects to the psychological one has been presented and diffused.
Probably for this reason Carlo Lorenzo Cazzullo has been awarded of the Albert Schweitzer International Gold Medal for the Humanisation of Medicine from the Polish Academy of Medicine in 1996.
Finally, starting from 1998 a systematic training for the integrated treatment, biologic and psychotherapeutic for the family in the so called "Family First" Project has been introduced and developed.
This kind of activity is now expended also to Alzheimer Disease patients and their families.
